Artuqids
Artuqids. Turkish dynasty in southeast Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia (Diyarbakr province) who ruled from 1098 to 1408. Following the victory at Malazgirt (1071) as a consequence of the Seljuks’ drive westward, the founder of the dynasty, Artuq ibn Ekseb, became the Seljuk governor of Jerusalem and Palestine in 1086. His sons, who succeeded him in 1091, were driven from Jerusalem by the Fatimids in 1098, and set up dominions in northern Mesopotamia. Sokman I (r. 1098-1104) established the branch of Diyarbakr and Hasankeyf (Hisn Kayfa) (r. 1098-1232), and his brother al-Ghazi I (r. 1104-1122), prefect of Baghdad from 1101, established the branch of Mardin and Maiyafariqin (r. 1104-1408). Another branch ruled in Harput (r. 1185-1233). Initially under the Seljuks, then the Zangids and the Khwarazm Shahs, the Artuqids achieved large scale autonomy during the Crusades. Under Nasir al-Din Mahmud (1201-1222) there was an active building program in Diyarbakr which reached its cultural zenith. The Diyarbakr and Harput branches of the dynasty were removed by the Ayyubids in 1232/33 and the Mardin branch by the Qara Qoyunlu in 1408.
The Artuqid dynasty (Artuklu in Turkish, sometimes also spelled as Artukid, Ortoqid or Ortokid; Turkish plural: Artukoğulları) was an Oghuz Turkish dynasty that ruled in Eastern Anatolia, Northern Syria and Northern Iraq in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Two main branches of the dynasty ruled from Hasankeyf (Hısn-ı Keyf, Hısnkeyfa) between 1102–1231 and Mardin between 1106–1186 (and until 1409 as vassals). There was also a third branch that acquired Harput in 1112 and was independent between 1185–1233.
The dynasty was founded by Artuq, son of Eksük, a general originally under Malik Shah I and then under the Seljuk emir of Damascus, Tutush I. Tutush appointed Artuq governor of Jerusalem in 1086. Artuq died in 1091, and his sons Sokman and Ilghazi were expelled from Jerusalem by the Fatimid vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah in 1098. The Fatimids lost the city to the crusaders the following year.
Sokman and Ilghazi set themselves up in Diyarbakır, Mardin, and Hasankeyf in the Jezirah, where they came into conflict with the sultanate of Great Seljuk. Sokman, bey of Mardin, defeated the crusaders at the Battle of Harran in 1104. Ilghazi succeeded Sokman in Mardin and imposed his control over Aleppo at the request of the qadi Ibn al-Khashshab in 1118. In 1119, Ilgazi defeated the crusader Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis.
In 1121, a Seljuk-Artuqid alliance, commanded by Mehmed I of Great Seljuk and Ilghazi, was defeated by Georgia at the Battle of Didgori. Ilghazi died in 1122, and although his nephew Balak nominally controlled Aleppo, the city was really controlled by Ibn al-Khashshab. Al-Kashshab was assassinated in 1125, and Aleppo fell under the control of Zengi of Mosul. After the death of Balak, the Artuqids were split between Diyarbakır, Hasankeyf and Mardin. Sokman's son Davud, bey of Hasankeyf, died in 1144, and was succeeded by his son Kara Aslan. Kara Aslan allied with Joscelin II of Edessa against the Zengids, and while Joscelin was away in 1144, Zengi recaptured Edessa, the first of the Crusader states to fall. Hasankeyf became a vassal of Zengi as well.
Kara Aslan's son Nur ad-Din Muhammad allied with the Ayyubid sultan Saladin against the Sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan II, whose daughter had married Nur ad-Din Muhammad. In a peace settlement with Kilij Arslan, Saladin gained control of Artuqid territory, although the Artuqids were still technically vassals of Mosul, which Saladin did not yet control. With Artuqid support Saladin eventually took control of Mosul as well.
The Artuklu dynasty still nominally controlled the upper Mesopotamia but their power declined under Ayyubid rule. The Hasankeyf branch conquered Diyarbakır in 1198. This branch was demolished by the Ayyubids in 1231 due to the branch's seeking of an alliance with the Seljuks. The Harput branch was ended by the Sultanate of Rum due to friction between Ayyubids and Seljuks. The Mardin branch was vassal of Ayyubids, the Sultanate of Rum, the Il-Khanate and the Timurids. Finally, the Karakoyunlu captured Mardin and ended Artuklu rule in 1409.
Artuklu see Artuqids.
Artukids see Artuqids.
Ortoqids see Artuqids.
Ortokids see Artuqids.
Artukogullan see Artuqids.
Artuqids. Turkish dynasty in southeast Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia (Diyarbakr province) who ruled from 1098 to 1408. Following the victory at Malazgirt (1071) as a consequence of the Seljuks’ drive westward, the founder of the dynasty, Artuq ibn Ekseb, became the Seljuk governor of Jerusalem and Palestine in 1086. His sons, who succeeded him in 1091, were driven from Jerusalem by the Fatimids in 1098, and set up dominions in northern Mesopotamia. Sokman I (r. 1098-1104) established the branch of Diyarbakr and Hasankeyf (Hisn Kayfa) (r. 1098-1232), and his brother al-Ghazi I (r. 1104-1122), prefect of Baghdad from 1101, established the branch of Mardin and Maiyafariqin (r. 1104-1408). Another branch ruled in Harput (r. 1185-1233). Initially under the Seljuks, then the Zangids and the Khwarazm Shahs, the Artuqids achieved large scale autonomy during the Crusades. Under Nasir al-Din Mahmud (1201-1222) there was an active building program in Diyarbakr which reached its cultural zenith. The Diyarbakr and Harput branches of the dynasty were removed by the Ayyubids in 1232/33 and the Mardin branch by the Qara Qoyunlu in 1408.
The Artuqid dynasty (Artuklu in Turkish, sometimes also spelled as Artukid, Ortoqid or Ortokid; Turkish plural: Artukoğulları) was an Oghuz Turkish dynasty that ruled in Eastern Anatolia, Northern Syria and Northern Iraq in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Two main branches of the dynasty ruled from Hasankeyf (Hısn-ı Keyf, Hısnkeyfa) between 1102–1231 and Mardin between 1106–1186 (and until 1409 as vassals). There was also a third branch that acquired Harput in 1112 and was independent between 1185–1233.
The dynasty was founded by Artuq, son of Eksük, a general originally under Malik Shah I and then under the Seljuk emir of Damascus, Tutush I. Tutush appointed Artuq governor of Jerusalem in 1086. Artuq died in 1091, and his sons Sokman and Ilghazi were expelled from Jerusalem by the Fatimid vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah in 1098. The Fatimids lost the city to the crusaders the following year.
Sokman and Ilghazi set themselves up in Diyarbakır, Mardin, and Hasankeyf in the Jezirah, where they came into conflict with the sultanate of Great Seljuk. Sokman, bey of Mardin, defeated the crusaders at the Battle of Harran in 1104. Ilghazi succeeded Sokman in Mardin and imposed his control over Aleppo at the request of the qadi Ibn al-Khashshab in 1118. In 1119, Ilgazi defeated the crusader Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis.
In 1121, a Seljuk-Artuqid alliance, commanded by Mehmed I of Great Seljuk and Ilghazi, was defeated by Georgia at the Battle of Didgori. Ilghazi died in 1122, and although his nephew Balak nominally controlled Aleppo, the city was really controlled by Ibn al-Khashshab. Al-Kashshab was assassinated in 1125, and Aleppo fell under the control of Zengi of Mosul. After the death of Balak, the Artuqids were split between Diyarbakır, Hasankeyf and Mardin. Sokman's son Davud, bey of Hasankeyf, died in 1144, and was succeeded by his son Kara Aslan. Kara Aslan allied with Joscelin II of Edessa against the Zengids, and while Joscelin was away in 1144, Zengi recaptured Edessa, the first of the Crusader states to fall. Hasankeyf became a vassal of Zengi as well.
Kara Aslan's son Nur ad-Din Muhammad allied with the Ayyubid sultan Saladin against the Sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan II, whose daughter had married Nur ad-Din Muhammad. In a peace settlement with Kilij Arslan, Saladin gained control of Artuqid territory, although the Artuqids were still technically vassals of Mosul, which Saladin did not yet control. With Artuqid support Saladin eventually took control of Mosul as well.
The Artuklu dynasty still nominally controlled the upper Mesopotamia but their power declined under Ayyubid rule. The Hasankeyf branch conquered Diyarbakır in 1198. This branch was demolished by the Ayyubids in 1231 due to the branch's seeking of an alliance with the Seljuks. The Harput branch was ended by the Sultanate of Rum due to friction between Ayyubids and Seljuks. The Mardin branch was vassal of Ayyubids, the Sultanate of Rum, the Il-Khanate and the Timurids. Finally, the Karakoyunlu captured Mardin and ended Artuklu rule in 1409.
Artuklu see Artuqids.
Artukids see Artuqids.
Ortoqids see Artuqids.
Ortokids see Artuqids.
Artukogullan see Artuqids.
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